Goal programming is a powerful technique used to address complex real-world problems that involve multiple conflicting criteria. It allows companies to consider and optimize multiple objectives simultaneously, rather than focusing solely on a single criterion. Similarly, multi-criteria decision analysis provides a structured approach to evaluating and comparing alternatives based on multiple criteria, enabling decision-makers to make more informed and balanced decisions. By utilizing these methodologies, businesses can navigate the complexities of decision-making and problem-solving in a more holistic and effective manner.